{"id":3300,"date":"2012-08-10T10:51:40","date_gmt":"2012-08-10T10:51:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/?p=3300"},"modified":"2019-05-09T13:57:36","modified_gmt":"2019-05-09T08:27:36","slug":"crazy-awesome-long-jump-by-bob-beamon-during-olympics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/featured\/crazy-awesome-long-jump-by-bob-beamon-during-olympics\/","title":{"rendered":"Physics Behind Long Jump Olympics World Record Set By Bob Beamon"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>An amazing world record of long jump was set in 1968 by <a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/Bob_Beamon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bob Beamon<\/a>. He made a crazy awesome leap of 8.9 meters. This world record is considered more amazing as it was set in Mexico City which is 8000 feet above sea level. The air is thinner in Mexico City and thus has less air resistance. Mexico City is further from the center of the earth and thus gravitational forces are smaller there. But does it have any effect on the long jump?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Gravity<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The first point that should be considered is gravity. On the surface of earth, a 1 kg object has a gravitational force of 9.8 Newtons (downwards). Gravitational force is calculated as gravitational force, g (9.8 Newtons per kilogram) times the mass of the object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But it is not the same when we go below or above the surface. Gravitational force depends on the distance between the two objects and their masses. Thus, the gravitational force decreases when the two objects get away from each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-01.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"191\" height=\"89\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-01.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3302 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 191px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 191\/89;\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"191\" height=\"89\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-01.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3302\"\/><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In this expression, G is the gravitational constant (not to be confused with \u201cg\u201d). M<sub>E<\/sub>&nbsp;an R<sub>E<\/sub>&nbsp;are the mass and radius of the Earth and h is the height above the surface. If we put in a height of zero meters as well as the mass and radius of the Earth, we can find:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-02.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"185\" height=\"94\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-02.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3303 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 185px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 185\/94;\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"185\" height=\"94\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-02.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3303\"\/><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The radius of Earth is 6000 km and a height of 100 meters is very small as compared to radius of the Earth. This would not change the value of <em>&#8216;g&#8217; <\/em>very much. But for a place like Mexico City which is at a height of 2240 meters above the sea level, the gravitational force is 99.93% of the force at sea level. It is not a big difference but can it help to set a new world record?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>More Than Gravity<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The second consideration is the rotation of the Earth. Locations closer to the equator rotate faster than the locations away from it. Mexico City is about 19.5 degrees above the equator and moves fairly fast. But when you move in a circle you are not exactly in a&nbsp;non-accelerating reference frame. To be in a stationary frame, you would have to add the centrifugal force directing away from the axis of rotation. The combination of centrifugal force and gravitational force gives us the apparent weight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If Mexico City were at sea level then this rotational motion would&nbsp;cause the apparent weight to be 99.69% if the Earth were not rotating. Combining both gravitational and rotational effects together, the apparent weight at Mexico City comes out to be 99.62%&nbsp;. Thus there is not much difference in the gravitational pull.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lower-Density Air<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Another point that we can consider is air resistance.&nbsp;Typically, the magnitude of the air resistance can be modeled as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-03.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"139\" height=\"86\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-03.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3304 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 139px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 139\/86;\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"139\" height=\"86\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-03.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3304\"\/><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Here A and C parameters are the shape and size of the object. The important parameter is&nbsp;\u03c1, the density of the air. Air density decreases on increasing the elevation. But air density depends on pressure and temperature also which change with weather changes.&nbsp;However, this is&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/Density_of_air#Altitude\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an expression for the density of air<\/a>&nbsp;that will be close enough.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As per this density model, at sea level the density of air is about 1.22 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;compared to 0.98 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;at an elevation of 2240 meters. so can this decrease in density can have as much impact as decrease in gravitational force?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Numerical Modeling<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>It is not easy to calculate the&nbsp;motion of an object moving through air resistance. The acceleration of the object is constant without air resistance. In such a case, the following kinematic equations are valid:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-04.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"180\" height=\"113\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-04.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3305 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 180px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 180\/113;\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"180\" height=\"113\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-04.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3305\"\/><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>With &nbsp;air resistance there is a force that depends upon the velocity and velocity depends upon acceleration. Thus the problem becomes more complex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The answer is to create a numerical calculation of the motion. An analytic solution (like the case with no air resistance) is solvable with some algebraic manipulations or sometimes with calculus. For the numerical calculation, we need to break the problem into a bunch of small steps in time. For each step, we can assume that the forces (and acceleration) are constant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The smaller the time steps the problem is broken into, the better the solution. If we break up into time steps of 1 nanosecond, we would have to do&nbsp;10<sup>9<\/sup>&nbsp;calculations for each second. Even a time step of 0.01 seconds would require 100 steps. So the best way would be to use a computer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Modeling a Long Jump<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/DEt_Xgg8dzc?feature=player_embedded\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To see the effect of gravity and air density on a long jump we need to start with a basic model. Looking at&nbsp;Beamon\u2019s record-setting long jump gives us some information about the initial velocity (assuming there was no air resistance). From the video (by counting frames), Beamon was in the air for 0.93 seconds. As he traveled 8.39 meters horizontally, his horizontal velocity was 10.1 m\/s (22.6 mph).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The initial vertical velocity has the same magnitude (but opposite direction) as the final velocity. We can use the time he was in the air and the following kinematic equation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-05.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"154\" height=\"127\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-05.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3306 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-05.jpg 154w, https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-05-55x45.jpg 55w, https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-05-150x125.jpg 150w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 154px) 100vw, 154px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 154px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 154\/127;\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"154\" height=\"127\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-05.jpg\" alt=\"Long Jump Air Density Equation\" class=\"wp-image-3306\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-05.jpg 154w, https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-05-55x45.jpg 55w, https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/long-jump-air-density-equation-05-150x125.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 154px) 100vw, 154px\" \/><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This gives us initial y-velocity as 4.5 m\/s. Now we can use these initial values in the numerical model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The plot given below shows the three different cases of the numerical model.&nbsp;The first case is at sea level (acceleration is 9.8 m\/s<sup>2<\/sup>) with a typical density of air. The second case is at sea level with no air resistance at all. The third case is for Mexico City with a lower apparent weight and a lower density of air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/trajectory.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"448\" data-src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/trajectory.jpg\" alt=\"Trajectory\" class=\"wp-image-3307 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/trajectory.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/trajectory-300x224.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 600px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 600\/448;\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-256057-797351.cloudwaysapps.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/trajectory.jpg\" alt=\"Trajectory\" class=\"wp-image-3307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/trajectory.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/trajectory-300x224.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>There is not much difference but there is definitely some difference. The model shows that the jump distance should be 8.89 meters for a place at sea level with air resistance. While in Mexico City, the jump was of 8.96 meters, 7 centimeters more. Every little bit counts in a world record. But it doesn&#8217;t matters much in Beamon&#8217;s case as he had beaten the previous world record by outstanding 55 centimeters. Beamon&#8217;s leap was an incredible one.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An amazing world record of long jump was set in 1968 by Bob Beamon. He made a crazy awesome leap of 8.9 meters. This world record is considered more amazing as it was set in Mexico City which is 8000 feet above sea level. The air is thinner in Mexico<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":3309,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,14,31,7],"tags":[1457,1456,1455,1447,218,1452,1453,1454,1451,1073,1449,1458,1450,730,1459,1077,1445,1355,211,1354,1448],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3300"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3300"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3300\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3300"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3300"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dailyjag.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3300"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}